![]() Lions can roar while lying down but often sit when operating at full volume. ![]() “This shape allows the tissue to respond more easily to passing air, letting the kitties roar louder with less lung pressure.” But in lions and tigers, the protrusions are flat and shaped like a square, courtesy of the fat deep within the vocal fold ligament,” the Smithsonian Magazine explained in a recent article. ![]() “In most species, the vocal folds are shaped like triangles where they protrude into the animal’s airway. It is mine – Mine – MIINE! MIINE! MIINE! MIINE! It is mine – mine –mine!” The roar made by a male lion is one of the loudest sounds made by any animal and is made possible by the unusual shape formed by its vocal cords. One experienced field guide in the Kruger National Park used to describe the roars as being a simple message from the lion which he believes is saying: “whose–land–is-this?-whose - land –is-this?.…. Male lions, sometimes in conjunction with a brother or partners, regularly patrol the perimeters of their territories, checking scent makings and listening to see if other lions are prepared to challenge their roars. Some scientists have estimated the roar can reach 114 decibels, as loud as a noisy rock concert, so if you lose your nerve whilst sheltering in your tent or sitting on the back of a vehicle and quietly whimper “I want my Mommy!”- you shouldn’t worry too much, the lion is not likely to pay much attention because in between his calls he is listening for other lions – males who might challenge him or females who might want to communicate. The power of a full roar usually astonishes bystanders with its sheer volume and often people who have had the privilege of hearing a roar at close range say they have felt the call causing vibrations in their sternums! The lions usually start off with a series of deep grunts, slowly increasing in volume and frequency before building up to a crescendo and then tapering off again with another series of grunts. It is always an impressive experience but little surpasses the sensation when a large male starts his best performance right next to you while you are in an open vehicle, or for the braver, in a tent nearby. Some have heard the real thing often when visiting wild places but many of us have to be content with listening to the imperious and awe-inspiring call in movies, wildlife documentaries or on WhatsApp postings from friends. Which would have to be called a roaring success.By Mike Cadman A male lions’ deep far-carrying roar is one of the best-known sounds of the bush. Understanding how that repair happens might help doctors fix damaged vocal cords in humans, too. The researchers suggest that the fat is there to cushion the cords, and to provide tissue for repair if the cords get damaged. Lion roars can travel over five miles, and reach up to 114 decibels, which is as loud as a jet airplane taking off. The finding is the journal Public Library of Science ONE. That square shape allows the tissue to withstand more stretching, which lets the big cats create louder roars using lower lung pressure. Most animals have triangular vocal cords. ![]() But new research suggests that it's not the fat that makes the roar, it's the shape of the vocal cords themselves. Scientists long thought the lion’s distinctive roar was due to thick layers of fat inside the vocal cords. For many potential entrée animals this is one of the scariest sounds around.
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A successful Nil bid gives the Nil bidder's team 100 points and a failed Nil bid deducts 100 points from the team's score.A team that didn't win at least as many tricks as they bid, loses points equal to 10 times their bid.Every time a team accumulates ten or more bags, 100 points are deducted from their score and any bags beyond ten are carried over to the next cycle of ten bags. Any additional tricks over the bid are called bags and are worth one point each.A team that won at least as many tricks as their combined bid gets a score equal to 10 times their bid.The player that wins a trick leads the next one. If no spades were played during a trick, the player that played the highest card of the leading suit wins the trick. If a spade was played during a trick, the player that played the highest spade wins the trick. If a player doesn't have a card of the leading suit, they can play a card of any suit, including spades.Īfter the first spade card is played, the spades are "broken".Ī player can lead spades only after the spades are broken unless all the cards they have left are spades. Each player must play a card of the same suit as the first player, if they have a card of this suit. The players play in turns, in a clockwise direction. The first player to bid begins the round and can play any card except a spade. If the Nil bidder takes at least one trick, the Nil bid fails.Īfter the bidding, the round begins. ![]() The team still needs to win the number of tricks Nil's partner bid on. There is an extra bonus for a successful Nil bid and a penalty for a failed Nil. A player that bids Nil declares they will not win any tricks during the round. The goal of the game is for each team to win the combined number of tricks they bid on. In the next rounds, the turn to bid first rotates clockwise. The first player to bid in the first round is chosen randomly. The playing step of each round consists of 13 turns (also called "tricks").Īfter the cards are dealt, every player looks at their cards and announces the number of tricks they think they can win - this is called "bidding". Every round is divided into two steps: bidding and playing. ![]() In the game of spades, there are several rounds. This means any spade card beats any non-spade card of any rank. The highest card ranking is Ace and the lowest is 2. The second team consists of the two other computer bots (blue otter and red fox). You (brown monkey) and your computer-bot partner (yellow bird) are one team. Each player is partnered with the player sitting opposite of them. Spades is a trick-taking game for four players. And time and again they suffer from the exact faults that have plagued their predecessors. And that's what's been so frustrating about the Moffat years: he can do it, yet time and again success has slipped through his fingers So many episodes start with a hook that's quite grippy, only to fall over themselves. Of course, the ignominious thud part isn't exactly ideal. We'd far rather watch something that tried to do something big and failed than see a mediocre, hackneyed plodder. Obviously it would be nice if the vast majority of the episodes thus aimed didn't fall to earth with an ignominious thud, but, and we mean this sincerely, big points for trying. But despite all of those drawbacks, what we've always liked about his approach to Doctor Who storytelling is that, in a global sense rather with any particular episode, he aims high. Not only have we done that at tedious length multiple times in the past, this episode gives us an opportunity to visit many of them again, so we'll get to that part later. We're not going to go into a long peroration about all Moffat's faults here. We're hardly going to deny that Moffat has disappointed us far (far, far, far, far, far) more times than he's entranced us, but balanced against that, Moffat's tenure has included a number of our favourite episodes of the entire series. Some of that's about our lack of optimism about his successor, but much of it Moffat has earned all by himself. As a result, the Twelfth Doctor doesn't top the list of our favourite Doctors, but only a yoghurt would deny that he is nevertheless way, way up there and, when given the rare opportunity, is spine-tinglingly, hair-raisingly brilliant.Īnd Steven Moffat? In the hiatus since the end of the last season, we found to our astonishment we were actually quite sad at the thought of his leaving. Nor did much of it truly exploit Capaldi's talent, and given that they had an actor who can kill it like few others, it's a crying shame that far too often they used a diamond to prop up a wobbly table. There was some squirmingly ghastly comedy, he was vulpine and dark for a while, then it all seemed to be an act, but nothing was consistent for long and none of it hung together. There's been far too much writing that grated against his Doctor's personality and even more than just didn't seem to get what that personality was. While Peter Capaldi basically Doctors like a boss at every opportunity, those opportunities haven't come often enough for us. We haven't been quite as enraptured by his Doctor as a lot of people, granted. Obviously, between the two of them it's a lot easier to feel boohooish about Peter Capaldi leaving. (This is the part where we are measured, balanced and statesmanlike, so don't blink as it doesn't last long. ![]() And with Twice Upon A Time Moffat has handed us a priceless gift: he made it so annoying that any regrets we had about the end of either tenure were snuffed out faster than a candle on a mountain bike.Īnd that's a shame, because mixed though they might have been with many other emotions, prior to viewing this episode we really did have some sadness about the departures. Twice Upon A Time is an episode freighted with significance, drawing to a close as it does not only the tenure of the Twelfth Doctor but also the reign of showrunner Steven Moffat. ![]() ![]() The real you has a voice that seeks expression in a variety of ways, one of which is through your career.Ī career is a primary path for personal growth, a way to define and expand yourself at the same time. Understanding yourself is an important aspect of growing and becoming an adult in our culture. 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